Publikationen & Vorträge

Assessing whether datasets follow a normal distribution is essential for valid statistical inference, yet GNSS positioning errors often deviate from Gaussian assumptions under real conditions. Despite the widespread use of normality tests, their performance on GNSS data remains insufficiently characterized, especially under heavy-tailed regimes. This study investigates long-duration GNSS latitude residuals as a one-dimensional case using stationary observations collected over a continuous 48-h period. Normality is evaluated using graphical diagnostics, descriptive statistics, and hypothesis testing, including histograms, box plots, Q–Q plots, skewness, kurtosis, and seven parametric tests. To assess robustness and sensitivity, a Monte Carlo bootstrapping procedure is applied to more than 160,000 latitude samples. For multiple sample sizes and significance levels, 10,000 replicates are used to estimate empirical power and median p-values. The results indicate clear departures from normality, with Shapiro–Wilk and D’Agostino showing the highest sensitivity, particularly for small and moderate samples. GNSS latitude errors are additionally modeled using Student’s t distribution and a Gaussian–Student’s t mixture. These models better represent the empirical distribution, especially in the upper tail, than the Gaussian model. The findings confirm that Gaussian assumptions may underestimate uncertainty in GNSS analysis. They also show that combining normality diagnostics with flexible statistical models improves error characterization under non-Gaussian conditions.

Excessive speed remains one of the main factors contributing to road‑traffic fatalities, while current Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA) and map‑ or vision‑based systems often fail because of environmental limitations, outdated data, or high infrastructure costs. This paper proposes a cloud‑based Unified Driver Speed‑Assistance System (UDSAS), inspired by the European Train Control System (ETCS). The aim of the concept is to create a centralised and authoritative digital source of speed‑limit information and to enable real‑time computation of vehicle‑specific braking curves. The system integrates existing in‑vehicle components, including navigation, GNSS positioning, and speed‑limiter interfaces, to ensure low implementation cost and high scalability. The driver remains in the loop, while the system provides continuously updated speed guidance along the planned route. Optional extensions include offline operation, integration with vision‑based recognition, digital signage, Vehicle‑to‑vehicle (V2V) communication, and support for autonomous vehicles. The proposed solution addresses the current lack of a unified and trustworthy speed‑limit database and provides a simple, cost‑effective, and evolvable framework that can enhance road‑traffic safety, environmental performance, and driver comfort.

High-impedance ion-selective electrodes are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI), which degrades potentiometric sodium and pH monitoring in automation. This study presented a disturbance-aware reconstruction pipeline for dual-channel recordings sampled at 1 kHz under laboratory conditions. A windowed sinusoidal regression was estimated and the 60 Hz interference component was subtracted using overlapping 0.5 s windows. Disturbances were detected per channel using robust amplitude and derivative scores with hysteresis, minimum duration rules, and mask dilation. Masked samples were replaced by an interpolated quiet-state baseline estimated from locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) using unmasked data only. Disturbed datasets contained events that masked up to 33% of the sodium record, which were reconstructed without changing the time axis. Two outputs were generated, including a drift-preserving trace and a drift-removed trace anchored to an initial reference level. Six smoothing kernels and a zero-phase second-order sections (SOS) Butterworth low-pass filter were benchmarked using quiet-only metrics. The SOS low-pass filter outperformed six alternative kernels in 22 of 24 experimental test cases, including one tie. Under the best quiet segment, robust variability decreased by approximately 50 times after reconstruction and low-pass filtering overall. Power spectral density values near -200 dB reflected a numerical reporting floor set by the safeguard, not floating-point quantisation.

Reliable ion-selective electrode (ISE) monitoring in industrial matrices is often compromised by electromagnetic interference (EMI). Traditional uncertainty models assume independent Gaussian noise; however, ISE data sampled at 1 kHz reveals temporal instabilities and cross-channel dependencies that violate these frameworks. This study presents a two-phase metrological evaluation of ISE responses (EH-01 and ENa-01). First, statistical characterization reveals extreme non-Gaussian behavior, with excess kurtosis reaching κ=20, negative skewness (γ = -3.40), and a Pearson correlation shift from r ≈ 0.26 to r ≈ 0.69 during impulsive activity. In the second phase, we evaluate uncertainty propagation using the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and validate results via Monte Carlo simulation (MCs). Our findings demonstrate that GUM underestimates measurement risk for EH-01 by 15.0% due to heavy-tailed noise, while overestimating ENa-01 uncertainty by 22.0% due to extreme central peak density. These results invalidate the second-moment-only GUM approximation in high-interference settings, necessitating multivariate, non-Gaussian uncertainty evaluation. These findings motivate the development of ML-based filtering approaches to mitigate EMI-induced transients and potentially restore GUM validity in real-time industrial process control.

Air-quality measurements performed using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) enable observations that are difficult or impossible to obtain with stationary monitoring systems. Although low-cost CO2 sensors are widely applied in such work, their accuracy is restricted by environmental influences. This study assesses the metrological performance of inexpensive NDIR CO2 sensors using a controlled test chamber. The TESTO probe results show strong temperature sensitivity, with CO2 indications varying by approximately 17 ppm per 1 °C. Measurements at −2.6 °C produced implausibly low concentrations of 275–280 ppm, despite the global baseline being about 430 ppm. Electromagnetic interference and humidity produced negligible effects on the indications. No differences appeared between measurements taken during UAV flight, after landing, or under laboratory conditions. Comparison with the manufacturer-calibrated Figaro CDM7160 sensor revealed a substantial shift in the characteristic at the lowest CO2 concentration level and a marked reduction in sensitivity, which shows that the sensor needs recalibration. The findings confirm that investigated low-cost CO2 sensors provide reasonably accurate absolute measurements only when environmental conditions are correctly compensated. However, their relatively high measurement uncertainty prevents reliable detection of small concentration changes and therefore limits their suitability for precise UAV-based air-quality studies.